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Object-oriented systems are usually partitioned into layers of related responsibilities and only dependencies in one direction are allowed, from higher layers (more specific, less reusable) to lower ...

Runtime errors occur when something goes wrong in the normal execution of a program. When severe enough, these errors abruptly terminate an application. To help programmers both anticipate and recover ...

In Part 1, I provided an overview of available persistence mechanisms and their implementations, and introduced the Java Data Objects (JDO) approach to persistence. In Part 2, I conclude this series ...

Learn how to use lazy instantiation and eager instantiation in your Java programs. Which approach is better? It depends on the scenario. When instantiating Java objects that are expensive in terms of ...